Unit 5 · Lesson 1• 6 min
The Refutation Sandwich
Every refutation has 4 layers. Skip one and the refutation collapses.
1. Signpost
'Off their second contention…' tells the judge exactly where you are.
2. Quote them
'They argued X.' Use their words, not yours.
3. Respond
Attack the claim, the reason, or the evidence. Pick ONE.
4. Weigh
'Therefore, my contention on Y outweighs because…' Tie it back to your case.
Quick Check
1. The 4-step refutation order is:
Answer all 1 to check.
Takeaway
Signpost. Quote. Respond. Weigh. Never skip a step.